Bottom-up ontologies Ontologies are artifacts used to reduce gaps in the interpretation of data between peers.
The literature commonly defines an ontology as adopted agreements about an observed reality within a particular context, which is represented in a way so machines can process it.
It consists of a finite set of agreements, which in turn is abstracted into primitive representations, constituting the necessary inventory to define new concept representations via composition.
Interoperability on Information Systems Within the IS context, we refer to Interoperability to the ability of two or more peers to interact by exchanging information to express and interpret data accurately enough to produce the expected results.
The first step is to create explicit artifacts that enable data transformations or data mediation mappings between data sources and destinations to share information between distinct systems.
The community should agree on these explicit artifacts; otherwise, they don’t share meaning.